MySQL Tutorial

• What Is a Database
• What Is Database System
• Database Access Interfaces
• Database Types
• What is MySQL
• Which Scenarios Is MySQL Suitable For
• MySQL Client and Server Architecture (C/S Architecture)

MySQL Installation and Configuration

• What's New in MySQL 5.7
• MySQL Download Steps
• Install And Config MySQL in Windows
• Check if MySQL Installed Successfully
• Login to MySQL Database
• Linux MySQL Packages
• Uninstall MySQL in Linux CentOS
• Install And Config MySQL in Linux
• MySQL my.cnf Configuration File
• MySQL my.ini Configuration File
• The sql_mode of the MySQL server
• MySql Command Line Client Flashback Solution

MySQL Database Operations

• What is SQL
• Basic writing rules of SQL
• MySQL SHOW DATABASES - View Or Display Database
• MySQL CREATE DATABASE - Create A Database
• MySQL ALTER DATABASE - Modify Database
• MySQL DROP DATABASE - Delete Database
• MySQL USE - Select Database
• MySQL Comments - Single-line And Multi-line Comments
• Case Rules For SQL Statements In MySQL
• MySQL System Help

Database Design

• Database Design Overview
• Database Design Steps
• Three paradigms of Database Design
• Why Should Database Design Use Three Paradigms

MySQL Data Types

• MySQL Data Types Overview
• MySQL Integer Type
• MySQL Decimal Type
• MySQL Date and Time Types
• MySQL String Type
• MySQL Binary Type
• How to Choose Data Type in MySQL
• MySQL Escape Characters
• MySQL System Variables

MySQL Storage Engines

• What Are the MySQL Storage Engines
• MySQL InnoDB Storage Engine
• MySQL MyISAM Storage Engine
• How Data Tables Of Different Storage Engines Represented In The File System
• MySQL View and Modify the Default Storage Engine
• How To Choose MySQL Storage Engine
• MySQL Modify The Storage Engine Of Table

MySQL Basic Operations of Tables

• MySQL CREATE TABLE - Creates A Data Table
• MySQL ALTER TABLE - Modify Data Table
• MySQL Modify/delete Fields
• MySQL DORP TABLE - Delete Data Table
• MySQL Delete The Main Table Associated With Other Tables
• MySQL Display Table Structure
• MySQL Add Fields to Data Table
• Map SQL Statements to File Operations

MySQL Constraints

• MySQL Constraints Overview
• MySQL PRIMARY KEY - Primary Key
• MySQL AUTO_INCREMENT - Primary Key Auto-increment
• MySQL FOREIGN KEY - Foreign Key Constraints
• MySQL UNIQUE KEY - Unique Constraint
• MySQL CHECK - Check Constraints
• MySQL DEFAULT - Default Value
• MySQL NOT NULL - Not Null Constraint
• MySQL View Constraints In Table

MySQL Operators

• MySQL Common Operators Overview
• MySQL Arithmetic Operators
• MySQL Logical Operators
• MySQL Comparison Operators
• MySQL Bitwise Operators
• MySQL Operators Precedence
• MySQL IN and NOT IN

MySQL Function

• MySQL Function Overview

MySQL Manipulate Table Data

• MySQL SELECT - Query Data Table
• MySQL DISTINCT - Filter Duplicate Data
• MySQL AS - Set Alias
• MySQL LIMIT - Limit The Number Of Query Results
• MySQL ORDER BY - Sort Query Results
• MySQL WHERE - Conditional Query
• MySQL LIKE - Fuzzy Query
• MySQL BETWEEN...AND - Range Query
• MySQL IS NULL - Null query
• MySQL GROUP BY - Group Queries
• MySQL HAVING - Filter Grouping
• MySQL CROSS JOIN - Cross Join
• MySQL INNER JOIN - Inner Join
• MySQL LEFT/RIGHT JOIN - Outer Join
• MySQL Subqueries
• MySQL Subqueries Considerations
• MySQL Subqueries' Simple Optimization
• MySQL REGEXP - Regular Expression
• MySQL INSERT - Insert Data (Add Data)
• MySQL UPDATE - Modify Data (Update Data)
• MySQL DELETE - Delete Data
• MySQL TRUNCATE - Empty Table Records
• MySQL UPDATE - Multi-table Association Update
• How Does MySQL Handle Invalid Data Values
• What's SQL Injection and How to Avoid It

MySQL View

• What is MySQL View
• MySQL CREATE VIEW - Create A View
• MySQL Dispaly View
• MySQL ALTER VIEW - Modify View
• MySQL DORP VIEW - Delete View

MySQL Indexes

• MySQL Index
• MySQL Index Types
• MySQL CREATE INDEX - Create Index
• MySQL SHOW INDEX - View Index
• MySQL DROP INDEX - Modify and Delete Indexes
• Why Indexes Don't Work in MySQL
• MySQL Index Design Principles

MySQL Stored Procedure

• What is MySQL Stored Procedure
• MySQL CREATE PROCEDURE - Creates a Stored Procedure
• MySQL View Stored Procedure
• MySQL ALTER PROCEDURE - Modify Stored Procedure
• MySQL DROP PROCEDURE - Delete Stored Procedure
• MySQL Stored Functions
• MySQL Calls Stored Procedures And Functions
• MySQL Define and Assign Variable
• MySQL Define Conditions And Handlers
• MySQL Cursor
• MySQL Flow Control Statement

MySQL Trigger

• What is MySQL Trigger
• MySQL CREATE TRIGGER - Create Trigger
• MySQL View Trigger
• MySQL DROP TRIGGER - Modify and Delete Triggers
• MySQL Event and Timed Task
• MySQL Create Events
• MySQL Display Events
• MySQL Modify And Delete Events

MySQL Transactions

• Database Transactions Concepts and Features
• MySQL Transactions Syntax and Execution Flow
• MySQL Transactions Autocommit (On And Off)
• MySQL Transaction Isolation Level
• MySQL View and Modify Transaction Isolation Level
• MySQL Lock Mechanism
• MySQL Table Locks/Row Locks/Page Locks
• MySQL InnoDB Row Lock
• Mysql Deadlocks

MySQL Character Set

• MySQL Character Set And Collation Rules
• MySQL View Character Set And Collation Rules
• MySQL Default Character Set And Collation Rules
• MySQL Choose the Correct Character Set

MySQL User Management

• MySQL user Privilege Table
• MySQL db, tables_priv, columns_priv and procs_priv Privilege Tables
• MySQL Create User
• MySQL RENAME USER - Modify User
• MySQL DROP/DELETE USER - Delete User
• MySQL SHOW GRANTS - View User Privileges
• MySQL GRANT - User Authorization
• MySQL REVOKE - Remove User Privileges
• MySQL Login And Logout Server
• MySQL root User Change Ordinary User Password
• MySQL Change Root Password
• MySQL Reset Root Password
• MySQL Change Password
• MySQL Privilege Control

MySQL Database Backup and Recovery

• Why Databases Need To Be Backed Up
• MySQL Backup Types
• MySQL Cold Backup And Recovery
• Physical Files Required For MySQL Cold Backup
• MySQL Hot Backup And Recovery
• MySQL mysqldump - Backup Database
• MySQL Restore Database (mysql Command)
• MySQL SELECT...INTO OUTFILE - Export Table Data to File
• MySQL LOAD DATA - Recovery Database

MySQL Log

• MySQL Logs And Classification
• MySQL Error Log
• MySQL Binary Log
• MySQL Use Binary Log To Restore The Database
• MySQL General Query Log
• MySQL Slow Query Log
• MySQL Set Log Output Mode

MySQL Performance Optimization

• MySQL Performance Optimization Overview
• MySQL Analyze Query by EXPLAIN And DESCRIBE
• Optimize Indexes
• Optimize MySQL Database Structure
• Optimize The Speed of Inserting Data in MySQL
• Optimize MySQ Server

Physical files required for MySQL cold backup

For a MySQL cold backup, you need to copy the entire data directory, which contains the files for databases and tables. The following files and directories are included in the data directory:

1. Database directories: Each database has its own directory within the data directory, named after the database. Inside each directory, you will find files related to tables, indexes, and metadata. The default database directories include mysql, performance_schema, and information_schema, along with any user-created databases.

2. Table files (MYD, MYI, and frm files): For MyISAM storage engine tables, there are three types of files:

   • .MYD (MyISAM Data): Contains the data stored in the table
   • .MYI (MyISAM Index): Contains the indexes for the table
   • .frm (Format): Contains the table structure and metadata

3. InnoDB files:

   • ibdata1: Contains the InnoDB system tablespace, which includes data and indexes for InnoDB tables, as well as the InnoDB data dictionary and undo logs.
   • ib_logfile0 and ib_logfile1: InnoDB redo log files that store changes made to the database. These files help maintain data consistency and are used for crash recovery.
   • ib_buffer_pool: (Optional) Contains the InnoDB buffer pool dump file, if it is enabled in the configuration.

4. Table files for InnoDB (idb and frm files): For InnoDB storage engine tables, there are two types of files:

   • .ibd: Contains the data and indexes for the table, if using file-per-table tablespaces
   • .frm (Format): Contains the table structure and metadata

5. Configuration and log files: Although not strictly required for a cold backup, you may want to back up the configuration file (my.cnf on Linux or my.ini on Windows) and any relevant log files, such as the binary log, general query log, slow query log, and error log.

When performing a cold backup, it's important to include all the files and directories mentioned above to ensure a successful restoration of the MySQL instance. Note that the specific files present may depend on the MySQL version, storage engine(s) used, and configuration settings.

1. Backup files generated by mysqldump in MySQL:

   • mysqldump generates SQL files containing SQL statements to recreate the database:

   mysqldump -u username -p dbname > backup.sql
   

2. Copying MySQL data files for cold backup:

   • Physically copy the data directory to create a cold backup:

   cp -r /var/lib/mysql /backup/location
   

3. MySQL binary logs and cold backup:

   • Include binary logs for point-in-time recovery:

   cp -r /var/lib/mysql/binlog /backup/location
   

4. Backing up MySQL configuration files in a cold backup:

   • Include configuration files (my.cnf) in the backup:

   cp /etc/mysql/my.cnf /backup/location
   

5. MySQL tablespace files and cold backup:

   • Include InnoDB tablespace files (.ibd) in the backup:

   cp /var/lib/mysql/dbname/*.ibd /backup/location
   

6. InnoDB files required for MySQL cold backup:

   • Include InnoDB system tablespace and log files:

   cp /var/lib/mysql/ibdata* /backup/location
   cp /var/lib/mysql/ib_logfile* /backup/location
   

7. Restoring MySQL from physical cold backup files:

   • To restore, replace the existing data directory with the backup:

   cp -r /backup/location /var/lib/mysql