Python Tutorial

• Python Tutorial
• Difference Between Python 3 And Python 2
• Install Python On Windows
• Install Python On Linux
• Install Python On Mac OS
• PyCharm Download And Installation
• Sublime Text Download And Installation
• The First Python Program
• Python Comments
• Python Identifier Naming Convention

Python Variable

• Variables definition and use
• Naming rules for Python variable
• Python int
• Python float
• Python complex
• Python floating point precision errors
• Python string
• Python strings encoding format
• Python bytes
• Python bool
• Python cache mechanism
• Python data type conversion

Python Operators

• Python arithmetic operators
• Python assignment operators
• Python bitwise operators
• Python comparison Operators
• Python logical operators
• Python ternary operator
• Operator precedence and associativity

Python Sequence

• Python sequence
• Python list
• Python list comprehension
• Python list - initialize a list of numbers
• Python list - add elements
• Python list - remove elements
• Python list - modify elements
• Python list - find elements
• Python list - implements stack and queue
• Python tuple
• Python tuple comprehension
• Python tuple VS list
• Python dict
• Python dict comprehension
• Python dict - add/modify/remove elements
• Python dict - format strings
• Python dict Built-in methods
• Python set
• Python set comprehension
• Python set - add/delete/intersection/union/difference
• Python set Built-in methods
• Python frozenset
• Python Shallow copy and deep copy

Python String

• Python string format
• Python string escape
• Python string concatenate
• Python string truncate
• Python string case convert
• Python string remove spaces (\t, \r, or \n)
• Python input(): get user input as string
• Python print(): print value on screen or to file
• Python len(): get string length or number of bytes
• Python split(): splitting strings
• Python join(): merge strings
• Python count(): count the occurrences of a string
• Python find(): detect whether a string contains a substring
• Python index(): check whether a string contains a substring
• Python ljust(), rjust() and center(): align text
• Python startswith() and endswith()
• Python format(): formatted output
• Python encode() and decode(): string encoding conversion
• Python dir() and help()

Python Flow Control

• Python if else statement
• Python if else: the indentation requirements
• Python if statement nesting
• Python pass statement
• Python assert statement
• Python assert: use correctly
• Python while loop statement
• Python for loop statement
• Python else statement in loop
• Python (for and while) nested loops
• Python nested loop for Bubble sort
• Python break statement
• Python continue statement
• Avoid an infinite loop in Python

Python Functions

• Python functions
• Python pass-by-value and pass-by-reference
• Python positional arguments
• Python keyword arguments
• Python default arguments
• Python Variable-length arguments (*args, **kwargs)
• Unpacking Arguments in Python
• Python None value
• ython returns value
• Python returns multiple values
• Python partial function
• Python recursive function
• Python variable scope
• Use global variable with same name as local variable
• Python local functions
• Advanced Usage of Python Functions
• Python closures
• Python lambda expressions
• Python eval() and exec()
• Notes on how to use exec() and eval()
• Python functional programming
• Function annotations
• Improve code readability and appearance in Python

Python Class and Object

• Python object orientation
• Python class Definition
• Python class constructor __init__()
• Python object creation
• Python self
• Python class attributes and instance attributes
• Python instance methods, static methods and class methods
• Python class calling instance method
• Python class namespace
• Python descriptor
• Python property(): define properties
• Python @property decorator
• Python Encapsulation
• Python Encapsulation Principle
• Python inheritance
• Python Method Resolution Order (MRO)
• Override method from parent class in Python
• How to use the Python inheritance
• Python super(): call the constructor of the parent class
• Notes on using Python super()
• Python __slots__: restrict class instance to dynamically add attributes and methods
• Python type(): dynamically create classes
• Python MetaClass
• Python polymorphism
• Python Enum creation and use

Python Class Members (properties and methods)

• Python __new__() method
• Python __repr__() method: display attributes
• Python __del__() method: destroying objects
• Python __dir__() method: List all attribute (method) names of an object
• Python __dict__ attribute: view the dictionary of all attribute names and values inside the object
• Python setattr(), getattr(), hasattr() functions
• Python issubclass and isinstance functions: checking types
• Python __call__() method
• Python operator overloading
• Python overloads operators to implement custom sequences
• Python iterator
• Python iterator implements reverse order output of strings
• Python generator
• Python generator: send, close, throw methods
• Python @function decorator
• How and Where to use Python Decorators

Python Exception Handling

• Python exception types
• Why use Python exception handling?
• Python try-except exception handling
• The underlying implementation of Python exception handling
• Python try-except-else
• Python try-except-finally: resource recycling
• Python raise
• Python sys.exc_info(): get exception information
• Python traceback module: get exception information
• How to create and use custom exception in Python
• Proper use of Python exception handling
• Python logging module: debug code
• Python assert debugger

Python Modules

• What is a module, Python modular programming
• Python import module
• Python custom module
• Python __import__() function: import module name
• __name__=='__main__' in Python
• Resolve ModuleNotFoundError while importing Python module
• The nature of Python modules importing
• Python __all__ variable
• Python package: folders that hold multiple modules
• Creating packages and Importing packages in Python
• Python __init__.py
• Python view module (variable, function, class)
• Python __doc__ attribute: view documentation
• Python __file__ attribute: view the source file path of a module
• Download and Install Python third-party library using pip command

Python File Operations (I/O)

• Python file path
• Python absolute and relative paths
• Python basic file operations
• Python open(): open the specified file
• Python open a file in text/binary format
• Python read(): read a file by bytes (characters)
• Python readline() and readlines(): read files line by line
• Python write() and writelines(): writing data to a file
• Python close(): close the file
• Python seek() and tell()
• Python with as
• Python context manager using with as
• Python pickle module: implement persistent storage of Python objects
• Python fileinput module: read multiple files line by line
• Python linecache module: randomly read the specified line of the file
• Python pathlib module
• Python os.path module
• Python fnmatch module: for filename matching
• Python os module
• Python tempfile module: generate temporary files/directories

Install Python On Windows

Installing Python on Windows is as easy as installing normal software, just click "Next" after downloading the installation package.

Python installation package download address: https://www.python.org/downloads/

Open this link, you can see that there are two versions of Python, Python 3.x and Python 2.x, as shown in the following figure:



I It is recommended that beginners use Python 3.x directly. We will use this version as an example to demonstrate the Python installation process under Windows.

Click the version number in the above picture or the "Download" button to enter the download page of the corresponding version, and scroll to the end to see the Python installation package for each platform.


Explanation of prefixes:

• Starting with Windows x86-64 is the 64-bit Python installer.
• Starting with Windows x86 is the 32-bit Python installer.

Explanation of suffixes:

• embeddable zip file represents the green free installation version of .zip format, which can be directly embedded (integrated) into other applications.
• executable installer means an executable program in .exe format, which is a complete offline installation package, generally you can choose this.
• web-based installer means that it is installed over the network, that is to say, what is downloaded is an empty shell, and the real Python installation package needs to be downloaded online during the installation process.

Here we choose "Windows x86-64 executable installer", which is the complete offline installation package for 64-bit.

Double-click the downloaded python-3.8.1-amd64.exe to start installing Python, as shown in Figure.



Please check Add Python 3.8 to PATH if possible, so that the directory where the Python command tool is located can be added to the system Path environment variable, which will be very convenient to develop programs or run Python commands in the future.

Python supports two installation methods, default installation and custom installation:

• The default installation will check all components and install them on the C drive.
• Custom installation can manually select the components to install and install to other drive letters.

Here we choose a custom installation to install Python to a common directory to avoid too many files on the C drive. Click "Customize installation" to proceed to the next step and select the Python components to be installed.



If there are no special requirements, keep the default, that is, check all.

Click "Next" to continue and select the installation directory.



Select your commonly used installation directory, click "Install", and wait a few minutes to complete the installation.

After the installation is complete, open the Windows command prompt and enter the python command in the window (note that the letter p is lowercase). If the version information of Python appears and you see the command prompt >>> , the installation is successful, as shown in the following figure.



Running the python command starts the python interactive programming environment, we can enter code after >>> and see the execution result immediately.

Press the Ctrl+Z shortcut key, or enter the exit() command to exit the interactive programming environment and return to the Windows command line program.