Python Tutorial

• Python Tutorial
• Difference Between Python 3 And Python 2
• Install Python On Windows
• Install Python On Linux
• Install Python On Mac OS
• PyCharm Download And Installation
• Sublime Text Download And Installation
• The First Python Program
• Python Comments
• Python Identifier Naming Convention

Python Variable

• Variables definition and use
• Naming rules for Python variable
• Python int
• Python float
• Python complex
• Python floating point precision errors
• Python string
• Python strings encoding format
• Python bytes
• Python bool
• Python cache mechanism
• Python data type conversion

Python Operators

• Python arithmetic operators
• Python assignment operators
• Python bitwise operators
• Python comparison Operators
• Python logical operators
• Python ternary operator
• Operator precedence and associativity

Python Sequence

• Python sequence
• Python list
• Python list comprehension
• Python list - initialize a list of numbers
• Python list - add elements
• Python list - remove elements
• Python list - modify elements
• Python list - find elements
• Python list - implements stack and queue
• Python tuple
• Python tuple comprehension
• Python tuple VS list
• Python dict
• Python dict comprehension
• Python dict - add/modify/remove elements
• Python dict - format strings
• Python dict Built-in methods
• Python set
• Python set comprehension
• Python set - add/delete/intersection/union/difference
• Python set Built-in methods
• Python frozenset
• Python Shallow copy and deep copy

Python String

• Python string format
• Python string escape
• Python string concatenate
• Python string truncate
• Python string case convert
• Python string remove spaces (\t, \r, or \n)
• Python input(): get user input as string
• Python print(): print value on screen or to file
• Python len(): get string length or number of bytes
• Python split(): splitting strings
• Python join(): merge strings
• Python count(): count the occurrences of a string
• Python find(): detect whether a string contains a substring
• Python index(): check whether a string contains a substring
• Python ljust(), rjust() and center(): align text
• Python startswith() and endswith()
• Python format(): formatted output
• Python encode() and decode(): string encoding conversion
• Python dir() and help()

Python Flow Control

• Python if else statement
• Python if else: the indentation requirements
• Python if statement nesting
• Python pass statement
• Python assert statement
• Python assert: use correctly
• Python while loop statement
• Python for loop statement
• Python else statement in loop
• Python (for and while) nested loops
• Python nested loop for Bubble sort
• Python break statement
• Python continue statement
• Avoid an infinite loop in Python

Python Functions

• Python functions
• Python pass-by-value and pass-by-reference
• Python positional arguments
• Python keyword arguments
• Python default arguments
• Python Variable-length arguments (*args, **kwargs)
• Unpacking Arguments in Python
• Python None value
• ython returns value
• Python returns multiple values
• Python partial function
• Python recursive function
• Python variable scope
• Use global variable with same name as local variable
• Python local functions
• Advanced Usage of Python Functions
• Python closures
• Python lambda expressions
• Python eval() and exec()
• Notes on how to use exec() and eval()
• Python functional programming
• Function annotations
• Improve code readability and appearance in Python

Python Class and Object

• Python object orientation
• Python class Definition
• Python class constructor __init__()
• Python object creation
• Python self
• Python class attributes and instance attributes
• Python instance methods, static methods and class methods
• Python class calling instance method
• Python class namespace
• Python descriptor
• Python property(): define properties
• Python @property decorator
• Python Encapsulation
• Python Encapsulation Principle
• Python inheritance
• Python Method Resolution Order (MRO)
• Override method from parent class in Python
• How to use the Python inheritance
• Python super(): call the constructor of the parent class
• Notes on using Python super()
• Python __slots__: restrict class instance to dynamically add attributes and methods
• Python type(): dynamically create classes
• Python MetaClass
• Python polymorphism
• Python Enum creation and use

Python Class Members (properties and methods)

• Python __new__() method
• Python __repr__() method: display attributes
• Python __del__() method: destroying objects
• Python __dir__() method: List all attribute (method) names of an object
• Python __dict__ attribute: view the dictionary of all attribute names and values inside the object
• Python setattr(), getattr(), hasattr() functions
• Python issubclass and isinstance functions: checking types
• Python __call__() method
• Python operator overloading
• Python overloads operators to implement custom sequences
• Python iterator
• Python iterator implements reverse order output of strings
• Python generator
• Python generator: send, close, throw methods
• Python @function decorator
• How and Where to use Python Decorators

Python Exception Handling

• Python exception types
• Why use Python exception handling?
• Python try-except exception handling
• The underlying implementation of Python exception handling
• Python try-except-else
• Python try-except-finally: resource recycling
• Python raise
• Python sys.exc_info(): get exception information
• Python traceback module: get exception information
• How to create and use custom exception in Python
• Proper use of Python exception handling
• Python logging module: debug code
• Python assert debugger

Python Modules

• What is a module, Python modular programming
• Python import module
• Python custom module
• Python __import__() function: import module name
• __name__=='__main__' in Python
• Resolve ModuleNotFoundError while importing Python module
• The nature of Python modules importing
• Python __all__ variable
• Python package: folders that hold multiple modules
• Creating packages and Importing packages in Python
• Python __init__.py
• Python view module (variable, function, class)
• Python __doc__ attribute: view documentation
• Python __file__ attribute: view the source file path of a module
• Download and Install Python third-party library using pip command

Python File Operations (I/O)

• Python file path
• Python absolute and relative paths
• Python basic file operations
• Python open(): open the specified file
• Python open a file in text/binary format
• Python read(): read a file by bytes (characters)
• Python readline() and readlines(): read files line by line
• Python write() and writelines(): writing data to a file
• Python close(): close the file
• Python seek() and tell()
• Python with as
• Python context manager using with as
• Python pickle module: implement persistent storage of Python objects
• Python fileinput module: read multiple files line by line
• Python linecache module: randomly read the specified line of the file
• Python pathlib module
• Python os.path module
• Python fnmatch module: for filename matching
• Python os module
• Python tempfile module: generate temporary files/directories

Install Python On Mac OS

Similar to Linux distributions, the latest version of Mac OS X also comes with Python 2.x by default.

We can enter the python command in the Terminal window to detect whether the Python development environment is installed, and which version is installed, as follows:

www.iditect.com:~ mozhiyan$ python
Python 2.7.10 (default, Jul 30 2016, 18:31:42)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 8.0.0 (clang-800.0.34)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>

It can be seen that the python command can run normally and output the version information of Python, which indicates that the current Mac OS X system already comes with Python 2.7.10.

The python command points to the Python 2.x development environment by default. If you want to detect whether Python 3.x is currently installed on Mac OS X, you can enter the python3 command in the Terminal window:

• If the system prompts command not found , it means that Python 3.x is not installed.
• If the python3 command runs successfully and displays the version information, it means that Python 3.x has been installed.

For Mac OS X without Python 3.x installed, it is also very easy to install. Users only need to download the installation package, and then keep "Next", which is very similar to the process of installing Python on Windows.

Install Python 3.x on Mac OS X

Python official download address: https://www.python.org/downloads/

Open the link, you can see the various versions of Python:



Click the version number in the above picture or the "Download" button to enter the download page of the corresponding version, scroll to the end You can see the Python installation package for each platform.



macOS 64-bit installer is the Python installation package for Mac OS X system. Click this link and get a python-3.8.1-macosx10.9.pkg installation package after the download is complete.

Double-click python-3.8.1-macosx10.9.pkg to enter the Python installation wizard, and then follow the wizard to install step by step, keeping everything by default.

After the installation is complete, both Python 3.x and Python 2.x operating environments will exist on your Mac OS X. Entering the python command in Terminal will enter the Python 2.x development environment. Entering the python3 command in Terminal will enter the Python 3.x development environment.

www.iditect.com:~ mozhiyan$ python3
Python 3.8.1 (v3.8.1:1b293b6006, Dec 18 2019, 14:08:53)
[Clang 6.0 (clang-600.0.57)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>