Python Tutorial

• Python Add PYTHONPATH
• Python Code Blocks and Indentation
• Python Comment
• Python Variable
• Python Data Type
• Python Type Conversion and Casting
• Python Input and Output
• Python Operator
• Python Iterator
• Python Generator

Python Flow Control

• Python if else
• Python for Loops
• Python while Loops
• Python break Statement
• Python continue Statement
• Python pass Statement
• Python switch Statement

Python Functions

• Python Function
• Python Recursion
• Python Anonymous/Lambda Function
• Python Modules
• Python Package

Python Data Types

• Python Number
• Python String
• Python List
• Python Tuple
• Python Set
• Python Dictionary

Python Date and Time

• Python datetime
• strftime(): from datetime to readable string
• strptime(): read string to datetime
• Get current date and time
• Make a time delay
• Convert between local time and UTC time
• Get whole program execution time
• Iterate through a range of dates
• Get the last day of month
• Add/subtract a day
• Convert seconds to HH:MM:SS

Python Files

• Python Open and Close File
• Python Read File
• Python Write File
• Python Move File
• Python Remove File and Directory
• Read Write CSV file
• Read Write JSON file
• Zip File and Directory
• List all files of a directory
• List all sub-directories of directory
• Check a file or directory exists
• Create a directory safely
• Get current directory and file path
• Read big file
• Web page and file download over HTTP
• Search and replace a line to file
• Get file modification time
• Read specific lines from a file by line number
• Check file size
• Get filename and extension

Python String

• String updating, replacing and deleting
• Formatting of Strings
• String format converting
• Convert ASCII string
• String Escape Sequencing
• String lower and upper case
• Find substring in a string
• Count all occurrences of a substring
• Compare two strings
• Split a string into a list
• Split strings into words with multiple delimiters
• Extract numbers from a string
• Conbine items in a list to a single string
• Put a int variable inseide a string
• Compare string in case insensitive
• Check if multiple strings exist in another string
• Check if string exists in a list of strings
• Generate random string
• Remove trailing whitespace in strings

Python List

• List items Adding
• List items Accessing
• List items removing
• List items modifying
• List items iterating
• List items sorting
• List Comprehension
• Convert string representation of list to a list
• Clone a list
• Rotate a list
• Remove duplicates from list
• Define a two-dimensional array
• Sort a list of lists by value
• Sort list based on values from another list
• Sort a list of objects by an attribute of the objects
• Split a list into evenly sized chunks
• Creare a flat list out of a nested list
• Get all possible combinations of a list's elements
• Get the Cartesian product of a series of lists
• Find the index of an element in a list
• Concatenate two list
• Count the occurrences of a list item
• Transpose list of lists
• Find the difference between two lists
• Select items from list randomly
• Iterate a list as (current, next) pair
• Shuffle a list
• Find the cumulative sum of numbers in a list
• Get unique values from a list
• Generate all permutations of a list
• Find the intersection between two lists
• Find the duplicates in a list
• Check item in list
• Convert a list to a string
• Find the average of a list
• Alternate combine two lists
• Extract specific element from each sublist

Python Dictionary

• Add and Modify Dictionary elements
• Delete elements from Dictionary
• Sort dictionary by key
• Sort dictionary by value
• Combine and merge dictionaries
• Convert a String representation of a Dictionary to a dictionary
• Get key by value in dictionary
• Copy a dictionary and edit the copy only
• Create dictionary with dict comprehension and iterables
• Get key with maximum value in dictionary
• Make dictionary from list
• Filter dictionary to contain specific keys

Python Variable

• Python Global Variables and Global Keyword
• Python Local and Nonlocal Variables
• Python Static Class variables
• Create variable variables
• Create variables dynamically in while loop
• Test Single Variable in Multiple Values
• Swap two variables
• Set a Python variable to 'undefined'
• Set and access environment variables

Python Input/Output

• Formatting Output
• Interactive Input/Output
• Indefinitely Request User Input Until a Valid Response
• Read user input as number
• Pretty print JSON
• Print number

Python Exceptions

• Python Exception and Error
• Python AssertionError
• Python AttributeError
• Python EOFError
• Python FloatingPointError
• Python GeneratorExit
• Python ImportError and ModuleNotFoundError
• Python IndexError
• Python KeyError
• Python MemoryError
• Python NameError
• Python OverflowError
• Python TypeError

Python Advanced

• Access the index in for loops
• Change index of a for loop
• ** operator in a function call
• * operator in a function call
• Sort a list of tuples by value
• Transpose list of tuples
• Calculate Euclidean distance btween two points
• Resize an image and keep its aspect ratio
• Check number
• Generate random integers

String Escape Sequencing in Python

In Python, escape sequences are used to represent special characters within string literals. These special characters include newline, tab, backslash, and others. An escape sequence starts with a backslash (\) followed by one or more characters.

Here are some common escape sequences in Python:

1. \\ - Backslash (\)
2. \' - Single quote (')
3. \" - Double quote (")
4. \n - Newline (line break)
5. \t - Tab (horizontal tab)
6. \r - Carriage return (used in Windows line endings)
7. \b - Backspace
8. \f - Form feed (used for page breaks in printers)
9. \v - Vertical tab
10. \a - Bell (used to trigger an alert sound on some systems)
11. \ooo - Octal value (replace 'ooo' with an octal number, e.g., \123)
12. \xhh - Hex value (replace 'hh' with a hexadecimal number, e.g., \x1A)
13. \uHHHH - Unicode character with 16-bit hex value (replace 'HHHH' with a 4-digit hexadecimal number, e.g., \u2602)
14. \UHHHHHHHH - Unicode character with 32-bit hex value (replace 'HHHHHHHH' with an 8-digit hexadecimal number, e.g., \U0001F600)

Here are some examples of escape sequences used in Python strings:

print("This is a backslash: \\")  # Output: This is a backslash: \
print("This is a single quote: \' and this is a double quote: \"")  # Output: This is a single quote: ' and this is a double quote: "
print("This is a newline character:\nThis is the next line.")  # Output:
# This is a newline character:
# This is the next line.
print("This is a tab character:\tThis text is indented.")  # Output: This is a tab character:    This text is indented.
print("This is a backspace character: ab\bcd")  # Output: This is a backspace character: acd
print("This is a unicode character: \u2602")  # Output: This is a unicode character: ☂
print("This is a unicode character: \U0001F600")  # Output: This is a unicode character: 😀

Remember that when using escape sequences in a string, it's important to use a raw string (prefix the string with an 'r' or 'R') if you don't want the escape sequences to be interpreted. For example:

print(r"This is a raw string: \\n")  # Output: This is a raw string: \\n

In this example, the raw string preserves the literal backslash and 'n' characters instead of interpreting them as a newline escape sequence.

1. Escape characters in Python string literals:

   • Description: Escape characters are used to include special characters in strings by using a backslash \.
   • Example Code:

     escaped_string = "This is an example of escape character: \n New line"
     

2. Using escape sequences for special characters in Python:

   • Description: Escape sequences allow you to represent special characters like newline (\n), tab (\t), etc.
   • Example Code:

     special_string = "Tabbed \t text and new line \n Next line"
     

3. Multiline strings and escape sequences in Python:

   • Description: Multiline strings can be created using triple-quotes (''' or """) and escape sequences can be used within them.
   • Example Code:

     multiline_string = '''This is a
     multiline
     string with newline.'''
     

4. Double quotes vs. single quotes in Python escape sequences:

   • Description: Escape sequences work the same way in both double and single-quoted strings.
   • Example Code:

     double_quoted = "Double-quoted string with escape sequence: \n New line"
     single_quoted = 'Single-quoted string with escape sequence: \n New line'
     

5. Raw strings and escape characters in Python:

   • Description: Raw strings (r"...") treat backslashes as literal characters, ignoring escape sequences.
   • Example Code:

     raw_string = r"This is a raw string with \n escaped characters"
     

6. Escape sequences for newline and carriage return in Python:

   • Description: \n represents a newline character, and \r represents a carriage return.
   • Example Code:

     new_line = "This is a string with a newline character.\nNew line."
     carriage_return = "This is a string with a carriage return.\rReturn."
     

7. Unicode escape sequences in Python strings:

   • Description: Unicode escape sequences (\u and \U) allow representing Unicode characters in strings.
   • Example Code:

     unicode_string = "Unicode character: \u03A9"  # Omega symbol