Spring vs. Struts in Java
Spring and Struts are both popular frameworks in the Java ecosystem, but they serve different primary purposes and have different architectural philosophies. Let's compare these two frameworks:
1. Primary Focus:
Spring:
- It is a comprehensive framework that offers a wide range of solutions, from core container features, aspect-oriented programming, data access, messaging, web MVC, and more.
- Its core feature is Dependency Injection (DI) and aspect-oriented programming, which makes it more than just a web framework.
- It can handle everything from the backend to the web layer.
Struts:
- Struts is primarily a web MVC framework. It was one of the earliest frameworks to address web application concerns based on the MVC design pattern.
- While it's focused on web applications, it's largely about handling the controller part of the MVC pattern, delegating the view to technologies like JSP.
2. Architecture:
Spring:
- Built on the principle of Inversion of Control (IoC), it uses Dependency Injection to manage application components.
- Provides a modular approach where you can pick and choose various components (like Spring MVC, Spring Data, Spring Security, etc.) to fit your needs.
Struts:
- Uses an Action-based model to handle requests.
- Built on top of the Servlet API. The central component is the ActionServlet, which delegates the requests to specific action classes.
3. Integration:
Spring:
- Provides extensive integration with other Java EE technologies and third-party libraries, given its wide ecosystem.
- Spring Boot, a project within the Spring ecosystem, makes it very easy to bootstrap a new application and integrate various technologies.
Struts:
- Offers plugins to integrate with other technologies but might not be as extensive as Spring.
4. Configuration:
Spring:
- Supports both XML-based and annotation-based configurations.
- With Spring Boot, a lot of the configuration is auto-magical with sensible defaults.
Struts:
- Primarily XML-based configuration.
- Configuration typically involves
struts.xml
where the actions and results are defined.
5. Adoption & Community:
Spring:
- Has a vast community and is widely adopted in modern Java applications.
- The Spring ecosystem has continuously evolved, with Spring Boot being a notable game-changer.
Struts:
- Was very popular in the early 2000s, but its adoption has waned with the emergence of other frameworks like Spring MVC.
- Has faced security challenges in the past that affected its reputation.
6. Learning Curve:
Spring:
- Given its vast ecosystem, there might be a steeper learning curve, especially for beginners. But the community and extensive documentation help.
Struts:
- The learning curve might be gentler if focusing strictly on web applications. However, the need to know about the intricacies of
struts.xml
and its configuration can be challenging.
Conclusion:
While both Spring and Struts have made significant contributions to the Java ecosystem, they serve different primary goals. Struts is predominantly a web MVC framework, while Spring provides a broader range of solutions for building enterprise-grade applications. Given the extensive ecosystem, continuous innovations, and strong community support, Spring (and its child projects) has become a go-to choice for many developers when building Java applications. On the other hand, Struts, while historically significant, has seen a decline in its adoption rate in recent years.